Week 6 Internet Freedom notes

.Freedom of information and expression 
-Everyone has the right to freedom of expression

.Freedom of the press and internet freedom 
-The freedom and pluralism of the media should be respected

https://fra.europa.eu/en
(These key factors are stated in Article 11 of this website)

Article 19 of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights 

"Everyone has the right freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."

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Freedom of information act 2000

'An act to make provision for the disclosure of information held by public authorities or by persons providing services for them and to amend the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Public Records Act 1958; and for connected purposes’ [30th November 2000]'

- General right of access to information held by public authorities

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Why is freedom of information important?

-Increases transparency and openness 
-increasing accountability 
-improve the quality of government decision making 
-improving public understanding of government decision making 
-Public participation
-Public trust

Rights under this act

-Everybody has the right to access information
-The person requesting does not have to disclose a reason for the request for information 
-All requests must be treated equally 
-Organisations should consider releasing information granted under FOI requests to the public


What is freedom of the press?

-Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers.

Which countries in the world have the highest levels of freedom of the press?
-Norway
-Ireland
-Denmark


Which countries have the lowest freedom of the press?
-Vietnam
-China
-North Korea



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Freedom of the internet:

• Internet regulations halt a lot of peoples freedoms while online, as it has techniques to:
-Censorship,
-Blocking, and
-Filtering content
• Social media platforms can block content 
-Hate speech, violence, NSFW content
• Websites blocked and shut down
-Government's
• Internet shutdown
• Pro-government commentators
• New censorship law 
• New surveillance law 
• Internet user arrested or imprisoned 
• Internet user physically assaulted, and 
• Technical attacks 

How internet fragmentation harms human rights



Techniques of online censorship: 

Content blocking prevents individuals in a certain geographic location from accessing specified websites and other resources on the Internet, 

Keyword blocking prevents certain terms from being included in online content, 

Search filtering where search engines filter results to make it very difficult for users to find certain content, 

and Content removal which is the deletion of content that has already appeared online.

Protect privacy and security:
 
- Strictly regulate the use of surveillance tools and personal

-data collection by government and law enforcement agencies, 

- Protect encryption, and 

- Restrict the export of censorship and surveillance technology.

Safeguard free expression, access to information, and a diverse online environment 

- Maintain access to internet services, digital platforms, and circumvention technology, particularly during elections, protests, and periods of conflict, 

- Enshrine human rights principles, transparency, and democratic oversight in laws that regulate online content, 

- Support online media and foster a resilient information space, 

- Fully integrate human rights principles in competition policy enforcement, and 

- Address the digital divide

Strengthen global internet freedom 

-Ensure that cyber diplomacy is both coordinated among democracies and grounded in human rights 

- Strengthen the Freedom Online Coalition’s capacity to protect internet freedom, 

- Defend and expand internet freedom programming as a vital component of democracy assistance, and 

- Advocate for the immediate, unconditional release of those imprisoned for online expression protected under international standards.

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Government's started becoming interested in regulating the internet during the launch of the first social media platforms. This is when they began to block and filter content on these sites.

Content blocking 
- Prevents individuals in certain geographical locations from accessing resources on the internet 

Keyword blocking
-Prevents certain words from being used online (China, Tianna man square massacre)

Search filtering 
-Search engines filter content to make it more hard for users to find content 

Content removal 
-Removing content completely off the internet 


Regulating the cyberspace 

Architecture (Chinas great fire wall)

Social norms (self censorship through social values)

Law (criminalisation of hate speech, defamation, child pornography, and political dissent)

Market (The price of internet access and net neutrality) 

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